Historical development of tunneling. Distinction of tunnelling projects. Geometric design of tunnels. Geotechnical investigation for tunnelling projects. Conventional tunneling methods: sequential excavation and support, empirical guidelines for construction. Norwegian Tunneling Method (NTM). New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). ADECO-RS method. Numerical simulation techniques for tunnelling. Urban tunnelling: SCL method, LaserShell method. Tunnel portals. Mechanized tunnelling methods. Tunnelling settlements. Microtunnelling, pipe-jacking, box jacking tunnel construction. Shafts. “Cut & Cover” and “Cover & Cut” techniques. Submerged tunnels. Tunnel final lining. Geotechnical monitoring. Economic and environmental issues.
